Indian culture: identify the central points and uniqueness of Indian culture
Have you
ever thought of the amazing progress we, as human beings, have made in various
spheres of life, be it language, literature, art and architecture, science or religion?
Have you ever wondered how all this has been possible? This happened because,
we did not have to make a fresh beginning each time, but were able to make use of
and build on the work of past generations. You have never had to bother about
having to make your own script or creating a new language system for yourself.
These are already given to you which you enjoy as a member of society. Then you
build on it by making your contribution or addition which further becomes an
asset for the coming generations. This is a continuous and never-ending
process. It is a precious possession unique to human beings and is known as
culture. Culture is a way of life. You, your family has a culture and so does your
region and your country. You may be curious to know about the uniqueness of
Indian culture and find out its distinct characteristics. In this unit we will
understand how Indian culture is unique and what are its characteristics.
Characteristics of Indian culture
Indian
culture is as many sided as life. It includes intellectual and social aspects
of any human being. It also takes account of the aesthetic instinct as well as
the spiritual impulses of human being. It has also, in effect, an appeal to the
subconscious as a force making for the formation of character. Look at the map
of India and you see India is a vast country with a lot of diversity in her physical
and social environment. We see people around us speaking different languages, having
different religions and practicing different rituals. You can also see these
diversities in their food habits and dress patterns. Besides, look at the
myriad forms of dance and music in our country. But within all these
diversities there is an underlying unity which acts as a cementing force. The
intermingling of people has been steadily taking place in India over centuries.
A number of people of different racial stock, ethnic backgrounds and religious
beliefs have settled down here. Let us not forget that the composite and
dynamic character of Indian culture is a result of the rich contributions of
all these diverse cultural groups over a long period of time. The distinctive
features of Indian culture and its uniqueness are the precious possession of
all Indians.
Variety and Unity
Indeed few
cultures in the world have such variety as the Indian culture. You may perhaps wonder
why the people of Kerala use coconut oil while the people of Uttar Pradesh use mustard
oil for cooking. This is because Kerala is a coastal state and coconut grows
here in plenty. While Uttar Pradesh is a plain area which is favourable for the
growth of mustard.
What is the similarity in the Bhangra dance of Punjab or the Pongal of Tamil Nadu or the Bihu dance of Assam?
Both are
celebrated after a rich harvest of crops. Have you noticed the different
languages that we speak like Bengali, Tamil, Gujarati or Oriya? India is the home
of many forms of dance and music which we normally use for festivals and social
functions like marriages or the birth of a child. A large number of languages
and dialects are spoken in our country which has led to the growth of a great
variety of literature. People belonging to eight great religions of the world co-exist
here in a harmonious manner.
Do you know that India is home to many religions?
In the world
like Jainism, Buddhism, Sikhism and of course Hinduism. Numerous styles of architecture,
sculpture and painting have developed here. Different styles of music and dance,
both folk and classical, exist in the country. So also, are numerous festivals
and customs. This wide variety has led to the making of Indian culture both
composite one and rich and beautiful at the same time.
Why is there so much variety in our culture?
There are many
reasons for this. The vastness of the country and variation in its physical and
climatic features is an obvious reason for the variety. The second important
reason for the variety in our culture is the intermingling among various ethnic
groups. Since time immemorial, people from far and near have been coming and settling
here. We find people belonging to different racial stocks like the
Proto-Australoid, the Negroids and the Mongoloids living in India. Various
ethnic groups like Iranians, Greeks, Kushanas, Shakas, Hunas, Arabs, Turks,
Mughals and Europeans also came to India, settled here and intermixed with the
local population.
The people
belonging to other cultures brought their cultural habits, thoughts and ideas,
which got amalgamated into the existing culture. You will be surprised to know
that it was only around second century BC that stitched clothes such as
salwar’s, kurtas, topees, etc. were brought to India, by the Kushanas, Shakas
and Parthians. Prior to that Indians wore clothes which were unstitched. The
latest is the introduction of shirts, trousers, skirts, etc. which were brought
by the Europeans in the eighteenth century. India through the ages has shown a
remarkable capacity for assimilation of ideas. This has contributed to the
variety and richness of our culture. Along with contacts with outside cultures,
cultural exchange between different regions of India has also continued. The
Chikan work of Lucknow, Phulkari embrodery of Punjab, Kantha embroidery of
Bengal, Patola of Orissa show a distinct regional flavour. Although the centres
in the South, North, East and West of India have their characteristic cultures,
yet these did not develop in absolute isolation. Inspite of physical barriers,
Indians used to travel from one part of the country to another for trade or
pilgrimage. Some regions were joined together through conquests or by alliance.
As a result, people transmitted cultural habits and thoughts from one part of
the country to the other. Military campaigns too took people from one place to
another. This helped in exchanging ideas. Such contacts have led to the
development of commonness in Indian culture, which has been maintained
throughout our history. Another unifying factor is climate. Despite
geographical diversity and climatic variations India experiences an inherent
unity.
The system
of monsoons is the most important component of the Indian climatic pattern and
this gives unity to the whole country. The coming of the monsoon has ensured
that agriculture remains the main occupation of the people of India. On the
other hand the differences in physical features have affected the food habits,
dress, houses and economic activities of people leading to the formation of social,
economic and political institutions. These factors in turn influenced the
thinking and philosophy of the people. The variety in physical features and
climate of India has thus led to the development of a variety of cultures in
different regions. The typical features of different regions have given some
identity to these cultures. The composite nature of our culture is reflected in
our music, dance forms, drama and art forms like paintings, sculpture and
architecture as well.
Our
literature in different languages also reflects this composite nature. Unity in
diversity is reflected in our political forms as well. During the early Vedic
period, society was pastoral, that is, people used to move from place to place
in search of pastures. But as these people started practising agriculture, they
settled down. This settled life led to community development and growth of
towns which needed rules and regulations. Thus emerged a political
organisation. This included the sabhas and samitis which were political bodies
through which people participated in governance. In course of time, the concept
of rashtra emerged and possession of territory became the new measure of power.
In some places, republics came up. The period from sixth to fourth century BC
is known as the age of mahajanapadas in India. In these kingdoms kings had more
powers.
Subsequently
large empires were also established with emperors exercising absolute powers. You
may be aware of ancient rulers such as Ashoka, Samudragupta and Harshavardhana.
The Mughals also established a vast empire in India. The British established
themselves in India and in l858, India became a part of the British Empire. However,
in 1947, we were able to gain our freedom after a long struggle. Today we are a
sovereign, socialist, secular and democratic republic and a uniform system of
government prevails over the length and breadth of the country.
Secular Outlook
The secular
character of Indian culture is a result of the intermingling of people
belonging to diverse cultural groups over a long period of time. There have
been instances of occasional conflicts here and there, but by and large, people
have lived together peacefully for centuries. The popular cultural traditions
of India are the best examples of such cultural synthesis in which a large
number of people belonging to different religious groups come together. You are
aware that there is a great variety of thoughts and habits in our country.
Among such a variety, dominance of one particular thought is not possible. You
will recall that Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsees
and Jews live in India. The constitution declares India to be a secular
country. Everyone is free to profess, practice and propagate any religion of
his/her own choice. The state has no religion of its own and all religions are
treated equally by the state. No one is to be discriminated on the basis of religion.
The people have, to a large extent, developed a broad outlook and they believe
in the concept of live and let others live. Right to freedom of religion
ensures secular nature of our polity. In the Western context development of
secularism meant complete separation of the church and the state. In India secularism
is taken as a more positive concept to cope with the complex social structure
in the country with a view to protecting the interests of all, particularly the
minorities.
Materialistic and Spiritualistic
India is
popularly known to be a land of spirituality particularly to the West. However,
Indian history from ancient times to present day shows that the developments of
materialistic and non-materialistic culture have been going on alongside. You
will recall that the Harappan civilization was an urban one. It had a
systematic town planning where roads cut each other at right angles. They had a
profound knowledge of mathematics, weights and measures. They had built their towns
in a scientific manner and had an elaborate drainage system. The Harappans had
external trade and travelled across the seas to trade with the Sumerians. Excellent
books on medicines, planets, stars, and plants were written. Discoveries of theories-like
“earth rotates around the sun” or “earth is round” were made by Indians long before
Europe accepted them. Similarly in the area of mathematics and in the field of medicine
and other sciences India’s achievements in ancient times have been remarkable.
There was no
opposition or resistance by religious or other thoughts in pursuing such knowledge.
In philosophical thought even atheistic thinking developed and grew in India.
You may be aware that Jainism and Buddhism are silent about the existence of
God. What does all this tell us? Indeed, that Indian culture has been both
materialistic and non-materialistic or spiritualistic.
Cultural identity, Religion, Region and Ethnicity
Our cultural
identities are based on various factors such as religion and region. As a
result, each Indian possesses multiple identities. Which of these identities
asserts itself at a certain point of time and prevails over the others, depends
on the political, social or economic context in which the person finds himself/herself?
Thus, each person may have some things in common with another, but may be
vastly different in some other aspects. For example, except belief, forms of
worship and rituals, there may be little that is common among those who follow
a particular faith from the point of view of the whole country. Even in the
forms of worship and rituals there are sectarian and regional differences.
Thus
culturally, Hindus are not all similar, nor are all the Muslims. Brahmins in
Tamil Nadu are quite different from their counterparts in Kashmir. Similarly,
Muslims in Kerala and Uttar Pradesh are dissimilar in several aspects of their
culture. Regional identities are more real. People of different religions and
jatis may have common regional cultural traits like language, food, dress,
values and also the worldview. In Bengal, both Hindus and Muslims take pride in
being Bengalis. Elsewhere one finds Hindus, Christians and Muslims sharin several
elements of regional culture.
In
principle, different religious groups owe their allegiance to different
religious doctrines. For instance the Vedas and Shastras may be sources of
inspiration for Hindus, Koran and Hadees for Muslims, and the Bible for
Christians. However, at the level of rituals and life styles there is a lot of
intermingling among followers of different religions. Ethnic culture is strong
among the tribal groups. For example, in the small state of Nagaland, there are
more than a dozen tribes and they differ from each other in their dress, speech
and beliefs. Bastar district of Chhattisgarh has several groups claiming
different ethnic origins.
Cultural influences
In the
modern context, there are at least three significant influences on our culture.
They are westernization, emergent national cultural styles and popular culture.
Before independence some Western modes were adopted by the aristocracy and
members of the civil services. The influence, over the years, has spread to the
middle classes and to a small extent, to the villages as well. The growing
demand for English medium schools in the villages is a proof of this statement.
During the struggle for freedom a new style emerged. This became a national
style.
For example
the Gandhi cap and khadi may now be only ceremonial and a symbol, but it contributed
to the unity of the country and provided commonness to culture. Popular culture
which is the product of mass media is another unifying factor. The impact of
films has been tremendous. Radio and television also reshape images and
attitudes. Their hold on us is undeniable. Modern media has promoted issues
that are of both traditional and public interest.